December 19, 2025
Self-study module Introduction to Plant Biology - Photosynthesis light-independent reaction
This self-study module is part of the series ‘Introduction to Plant Biology’ and focuses on the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle. It is designed for students studying basic plant biology and for teachers seeking clear explanations and illustrative figures for educational use. The module explains how plants convert carbon dioxide into sugars, the role of rubisco in carbon fixation, and the process of photorespiration. Students explore how photosynthesis is linked to stomatal function, how plants have adapted to extreme environmental conditions through C₄ and CAM photosynthesis, and how sugars are converted into starch for energy storage and the role of source-sink relationships. Finally, the module connects photosynthesis to plant respiration and overall energy balance.