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Zoekresultaten (5)

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MBO

5 oktober 2020

Air pollution in Santiago

This trend report looks into the effect of air pollution on the urban network of Santiago, the capital of Chile. Air pollution is caused by several anthropogenic factors and enhanced by the specific topographic and meteorological circumstances in Santiago. The sources of air pollution are outlined and quantified and several suggestions to mitigate these sources are given. These suggestions can create social inequality, this is an ethical implication that is looked at. A solution strategy in the form of a monitoring network consisting of cheap IoT sensors is presented.

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Gijs Vis

5 oktober 2020

Heatwaves in Rotterdam, The Netherlands

The city of Rotterdam in the Netherlands, have been experiencing an increase in negative effects caused by heat waves each year. The high temperatures are impacting the quality of life in the city, the local infrastructure and the environment. As temperatures are and will increase in the coming years, Rotterdam is and has been busy adapting by changing and planning in the urban infrastructure, by creating awareness through app and monitoring temperatures in and around the city. The sudden rise in high temperatures will mainly affect the more vulnerable in society and furthermore less income households will experience more negative effects as indoor cooling (e.g. air-conditioning) is costly. This report will present an overview of the shock heat waves in the city of Rotterdam, through: a problem statement, how it will impact the city, the development of the shock in the future and its solution strategies.

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Anita Tang

5 oktober 2020

Air pollution in Jakarta

In the recent years Jakarta has infamously reached the top 10 of most polluted cities in the world. Due to an increase in population, climate change, modernization and industrialization of Indonesia and Jakarta. The main sources of its pollution are vehicle emissions, heavy industry, burning of organic matter, construction and dust, and its citizens now have carry the burden. After large increases in disease, deaths and economic costs the cities regulators have finally accepted that measurements have to be taken and, together with NGO’s, taken action in the form of measurements and a roadmap to 2030. In the plan, vast infrastructural projects are proposed to improve connectivity in the city and encourage the use of public transport. Furthermore, plans to implement and enforce emission standards and regulations for private vehicles and heavy industry are proposed. Finally, they plan to handle Jakartas large waste crisis in the suburbs and informal housing, which is currently mostly burned, as citizens see no other way to dispose of it. The regulators plans are ambitious, and will certainly improve the standard of living for the whole city after completion. However, during its implementation it will have vast consequences for thousands of citizens as these infrastructure projects will require the demolition of thousands of houses. If new regulations and policies are too restrictive it can harm the lower-class citizens and economic growth. A final problem is finance, the plans are not only ambitious, they are also incredibly expensive. It will require the cooperation of the private and public sector, as well the intergovernmental cooperation between different branches to ensure these plans can be successful. Fortunately, the air quality is easy to measure, as the stations used in previous air quality monitoring studies, together with the enforcement of emission standards can be used to monitor how the air quality will increase as each phase of the plan is implemented. A careful balance and timeline has to be crafted to implement new regulations and infrastructure projects, but in the end, the citizens will reap the benefit.

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Jasper Krijn

5 oktober 2020

Air Pollution in Tokyo

This report investigates the effect of air pollution on Tokyo. The global effects of air pollution on human health and environment are mentioned. Next, the historical context and current status of air pollution in Tokyo are mentioned and evaluated. The most impacted sector is identified, and projections are made how these effects will develop under climate change until 2050. In addition, the current ethical consequences of the presence of the shock are identified. Next, different solution strategies are found and evaluated, including policy based and technological solutions. Technologies mentioned are hydrogen and urban vegetation. Policies include increased laws and regulations, or increased investment in public transport. Lastly, the ethical consequences of these solutions strategies are mentioned, as well as the resources needed for monitoring of the effectiveness of these solution strategies. A potential stress is the increased negative effect on human health by the deterioration the air quality, making people unable to breath the air in the most affected areas. The most present solution strategies include lowering the amount of exhaust fumes, lowering the amount of air pollutants released by industrial activity, and the capture of already present pollutants by urban vegetation.

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Sjoerd Heegstra

5 oktober 2020

Air pollution in Shanghai

This paper uses Shanghai as an example to analyze urban resilience in relation to the potential shocks and stresses caused by air pollution. Shocks such as smog and acid rain may cause damages to the economy, community and environment of the city. Stresses, on the other hand, will affect the city in the long run. It is also more difficult to remove stresses from the urban systems in comparison to shocks. For air pollution in Shanghai, stresses could be climate change, increasing population, increasing vehicle demand, and increasing emissions due to economic growth. Multi-level solutions are proposed in this paper targeting the shocks and stresses. At personal level, the importance of Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) and Environment Health and Safety (EHS) policies is discussed; at national level, enforcing environmental tax and investing in New Energy Vehicles (NEV) would also help to reduce the effects of shocks and stresses. In addition, some practical engineering solutions are introduced. For further discussion, ethical issues implied in this paper are raised. For example, some protective measures are suggested in the paper, but how to evaluate the implementation of these measures and how to ensure the vulnerable groups are protected when they are affected by the air pollution? To summarize, this paper focuses on the urban resilience in shanghai and includes topics about problems, solutions, and open discussions that are related to air pollution.

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Qinying Zha