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Zoekresultaten (5)

HBO/WO

MBO

1 oktober 2025

An analysis of the current developments and scenarios for the transition to a fossil-free energy society this century

This century, greenhouse gas emissions such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrogen oxides must be significantly reduced. Greenhouse gases absorb and emit infrared radiation that contributes to global warming, which can lead to irreversible negative consequences for humans and the environment. Greenhouse gases are caused by the burning of fossil fuels such as crude oil, coal, and natural gas, but livestock farming and agriculture are also to blame. In addition, deforestation contributes to more greenhouse gases. Of the natural greenhouse gases, water vapor is the main cause of the greenhouse effect, accounting for 90%. The remaining 10% is caused from high to low by carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen oxides, chlorofluorocarbons, and ozone. In addition, there are industrial greenhouse gases such as fluorinated hydrocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride that contribute to the greenhouse effect too. Greenhouse gases are a major cause of climate change, with far-reaching consequences for the welfare of humans and animals. In some regions, extreme weather events like rainfall are more common, while others are associated with more extreme heat waves and droughts. Sea level rise caused by melting ice and an increase in forest fires are undesirable effects of climate change. Countries in low-lying areas fear that sea level rise will force their populations to move to the higher-lying areas. Climate change is affecting the entire world. An estimated 30-40% o f the carbon dioxide released by the combustion of fossil fuels dissolves into the surface water, resulting in an increased concentration of hydrogen ions. This causes the seawater to become more acidic, resulting in a decreasing of carbonate ions. Carbonate ions are an important building block for forming and maintaining calcium carbonate structures of organisms such as oysters, mussels, sea urchins, shallow water corals, deep sea corals, and calcareous plankton.

Open (Access) Tekst Boek

Folkert Koopman

5 oktober 2020

Air Pollution in Tokyo

This report investigates the effect of air pollution on Tokyo. The global effects of air pollution on human health and environment are mentioned. Next, the historical context and current status of air pollution in Tokyo are mentioned and evaluated. The most impacted sector is identified, and projections are made how these effects will develop under climate change until 2050. In addition, the current ethical consequences of the presence of the shock are identified. Next, different solution strategies are found and evaluated, including policy based and technological solutions. Technologies mentioned are hydrogen and urban vegetation. Policies include increased laws and regulations, or increased investment in public transport. Lastly, the ethical consequences of these solutions strategies are mentioned, as well as the resources needed for monitoring of the effectiveness of these solution strategies. A potential stress is the increased negative effect on human health by the deterioration the air quality, making people unable to breath the air in the most affected areas. The most present solution strategies include lowering the amount of exhaust fumes, lowering the amount of air pollutants released by industrial activity, and the capture of already present pollutants by urban vegetation.

Document

Sjoerd Heegstra

5 oktober 2020

Air pollution in Jakarta

In the recent years Jakarta has infamously reached the top 10 of most polluted cities in the world. Due to an increase in population, climate change, modernization and industrialization of Indonesia and Jakarta. The main sources of its pollution are vehicle emissions, heavy industry, burning of organic matter, construction and dust, and its citizens now have carry the burden. After large increases in disease, deaths and economic costs the cities regulators have finally accepted that measurements have to be taken and, together with NGO’s, taken action in the form of measurements and a roadmap to 2030. In the plan, vast infrastructural projects are proposed to improve connectivity in the city and encourage the use of public transport. Furthermore, plans to implement and enforce emission standards and regulations for private vehicles and heavy industry are proposed. Finally, they plan to handle Jakartas large waste crisis in the suburbs and informal housing, which is currently mostly burned, as citizens see no other way to dispose of it. The regulators plans are ambitious, and will certainly improve the standard of living for the whole city after completion. However, during its implementation it will have vast consequences for thousands of citizens as these infrastructure projects will require the demolition of thousands of houses. If new regulations and policies are too restrictive it can harm the lower-class citizens and economic growth. A final problem is finance, the plans are not only ambitious, they are also incredibly expensive. It will require the cooperation of the private and public sector, as well the intergovernmental cooperation between different branches to ensure these plans can be successful. Fortunately, the air quality is easy to measure, as the stations used in previous air quality monitoring studies, together with the enforcement of emission standards can be used to monitor how the air quality will increase as each phase of the plan is implemented. A careful balance and timeline has to be crafted to implement new regulations and infrastructure projects, but in the end, the citizens will reap the benefit.

Document

Jasper Krijn

21 juli 2017

Air Quality in Kampala

First, we will look at Kampala’s air quality from a general and natural science perspective. Dr. Folkert Boersma will give an introduction to Kampala´s air quality, explain which factors play a role in the city’s air quality, and how it compares to other cities around the world. Learning Objectives: Understand the state of Kampala’s air quality Explain shocks and stresses on critical services and infrastructures (CSIs) of STE systems resulting from a range of disastrous events.

Website

Folkert Boersma

1 januari 2015

CLASS : chemistry: ozone

In this clip I will explain how chemical mechanisms are coupled to Boundary Layer dynamics and how these mechanisms are represented in CLASS for the sake of clarity. I will focus on the reactant ozone. The clip relates to the CLASS model and the book Atmospheric Boundary Layer - Integrating Air Chemistry and Land Interactions (https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781316117422, restricted acces wur).

Video

Jordi Vila-Guerau de Arellano